Book Review: Ethics and the Information Revolution
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “The growing information revolution therefore is not merely technological – it is
fundamentally social and ethical.”
-Terrel Ward Bynum
Learning Expectation:
Since this chapter is entitling Ethics and the Information Evolution, I am expecting to learn the evolution of Computer Ethics Idea, the people behind computer ethics idea, the time or era they discovered that Computer Ethics is really an important aspects on the Information Technology.
Review:
I make the case for the importance of computer ethics and I explore why computer and information technology raises ethical questions when many other technologies do not. Building on Moor’s idea that the task of computer ethics is to fill policy vacuums, I describe generally how computer and information technology gives rise to ethical issues. I push further addressing how these issues can be resolved and explore the traditionalist account which specifies that we can extend ordinary moral principles to situations created by computer technology. This discussion prepares the way for asking in what ways computer ethical issues are unique and in what ways not.
As in the last edition, I argue that it is useful to think of the ethical issues surrounding computer and information technology as new species of generic moral issues. I support this idea by arguing that while ethics is always about human action, technology instruments human action and technology makes it possible for individuals and institutions to behave in ways they couldn’t behave without technology. Traditional ethics and ethical theories have largely ignored the instrumentation of human action. Computer ethics brings this unexplored area of ethics into focus. I conclude this chapter with a brief discussion of the virtues and dangers of using analogies in analyzing computer ethical issues.
Though people have a choice if they will follow ethics or not, most of the time people will make sure that their action will be inline on the existing ethical principles. They do that because they knew what is right and wrong, and that will prevent them to do things that can affect other people in a harmful way.
What I have learned:
On this chapter, I learned that Computer Ethics started during 1940’s by Norbert Wiener. During that time he realized the potential growth of the social and ethical consequences of the computing technology.
I am happy to know that computer ethics is growing. It is a good thing because the number of computer criminals can be decrease, and people would be sure that they were safe on the net.
Integrative Question:
1. What year did Computer Ethics started?
2. Computer Ethics is first called as?
3. Who made ELIZA’s software?
4. Who is the pioneer of the cybernetics?
5. What is the meaning of ICT?
Book Review: Ethics On-Line
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “The issue’s and problems in electronic networks are the problems of the real world
around them. The problems have to do with who we are and what we do off-line”
-Deborah G. Johnson
Learning Expectation:
I am expecting to learn why it is entitled Ethics On-Line. As wekk as what are the insights of the author regarding on the problem online.
Review:
This chapter is largely as it was in the second edition though I have added brief descriptions of virtue ethics and John Rawls’ theory of justice. As before, the aim of this chapter is to show that ethics is not just a subjective and relativistic enterprise. The aim is to show that ethics and ethical analysis involves giving reasons and making arguments for one’s claims and subjecting those reasons and arguments to critical evaluation. By reviewing traditional ethical theories, the chapter provides readers with a useful vocabulary and conceptual tools for thinking through ethical issues. The chapter is not intended to provide the theoretical framework from which answers to all ethical questions can be deduced. Rather, the aim of this chapter is to suggest that ethical analysis is a dialectic process.
Because of the wide range that on-line technology provides, people who doesn’t have any good to do will used this as the means on harming others. Like what Johnson said on her example, like how fast e-mail can be send to people around the world with one click, viruses can also be transferred with anyone, at anyplace on anytime.
Reproducibility is another special feature. With online, people can produce copies that can only be stopped whenever the copier wanted to. This is one problem that we are engaged with. Software can be copied and reproduce without the knowledge of the owner or the creator. These three things are good but when it is used inappropriately or being abused, it can harm other people. There are already laws about these things, but it is still spreading widely. Like Johnson said, the only thing that can stop this is the disciplines that people are obeying.
What I have learned:
I learned that no matter how many laws or how much enforcement the government or enforcer would do, if the people wouldn’t have any discipline among themselves, anything would be useless.
The best thing to solve social problems can be finds within one’s self. To be able to solve or decrease and possibly diminished computer or online problems should be start within the users of the computers.
Integrative Questions:
1. What are the Special Characters of Communication in Networks?
2. What is one of the special characteristic that associates with way of fair treatment?
3. Anonymity contributes to what important characteristic?
4. Scope is always in relation with what?
5. These three special characters when misused will lead to what?
Book Review: Reason, Relativity, and Responsibility in Computer Ethics
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “People are surging to gain access to computer technology. They see it as not only
a part of their daily lives but a necessary venue for routine communication and commercial transactions.”
-James Moor
Learning Expectation:
On this chapter, I am expecting to learn, why it is entitled Reason, Relativity, and Responsibility in Computer Ethics.
Review:
The organization of this chapter and the ideas explored are fundamentally the same as in the last edition of Computer Ethics though I have tried to clarify the ideas further, and I have updated the chapter by addressing the issue of licensing of software engineers. I have also recognized recent changes to the ACM code of ethics. The chapter begins with a discussion of how becoming a member of a profession can lead to somewhat special moral rights and responsibilities. That analysis sets the scene for defining profession and professional, and for asking whether computing is a profession. This is followed by a brief discussion of software engineering licensing. The focus of the chapter then turns to the responsibilities of computer professionals, to employers, to clients, to the public, and to co-professionals, and how they come into conflict. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of professional codes of ethics.
Making ethical or policy on computer wasn’t that easy. Like what I read on the book, you need the process of thinking analytically before you can make one. I do agree on this because how can you make some rules on a very malleable thing? You should think about all forms it can possibly show and then you will make your ethical or unethical way of doing things.
What I really like about this chapter is the policy vacuum in which it served as the ethical principle whenever there is no governing rule. For computer ethics, this is always been used because there are too many things that haven’t had a policy on computer side. Though I can’t make any comment to the law makers because technology changes within a seconds, and the law they will make for certain issue today, before it can be approved as law, it is already a passé.
What I have learned:
I learned that on our society we have too many say on something that sometime it can lead us to mislead other people too. We are careless on our words that when you gave a good reasoning, people tend to believe it without further thinking if it is what they are looking for. Reading this chapter, I learned that it is very difficult to create an ethical policy on something that has been very malleable. It isn’t that easy also to create a law with an issue that can be passé immediately.
Integrative Question:
1. What it is that made by narrow bounds of special interest communities?
2. What are the two parts of Computer Ethics according to Moor?
3. What is logically malleable?
4. What is a policy vacuum?
5. Relative doesn’t mean what?
Book Review: Disclosive Computer Ethics
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Many computer related practices are simply unfamiliar or unknown to most
people, because they are not visible for the average computer user and are not
widely discussed in media, and these practices consequently fail to be identified
as morally controversial.”
– Philip Brey
Learning Expectation:
In this chapter I expect to learn, about the computer ethics, its uses and how advantage it is. I also expect to learn what is Disclosive Computer Ethics is.
Review:
I begin this chapter by identifying what is morally significant and distinct about the Internet. Focusing on the Internet as a medium of communication, what seems morally significant is the many-to-many global scope of the Internet, the availability of a certain kind of anonymity, and the reproducibility of the medium. After drawing out the implications of these features, emphasizing the difficulties of accountability and trust, I move on to discuss hacking and hacker ethics. Here I have included some of the material from the previous edition. I conclude the chapter with a discussion of the problems the Internet seems to pose for controlling socially undesirable behavior and for encouraging civil behavior.
Actually, this chapter is about Disclosive Computer Ethics or the description of computer technology and related practices in a way that reveal their moral importance. This chapter actually focuses on moral issues namely: privacy, democracy, distributive justice and autonomy.
Critical Function of computer ethics is to identify, analyze, morally evaluate and device policy guidelines for on-line monitoring. The hardware, software and procedures used in computing practice often have moral neutrality when in fact they are not morally neutral.
What I have learned:
In this chapter, I learned that it is very difficult to create an ethical policy on something that has been very malleable. It isn’t that easy also to create a law with an issue that can be passé immediately.
I also learned that on our society we have too many say on something that sometime it can lead us to mislead other people too. We are careless on our words that when you gave a good reasoning, people tend to believe it without further thinking if it is what they are looking for.
Integrative Question:
1. What year Computer Ethics started?
2. Computer Ethics is first called as?
3. Who made ELIZA’s software?
4. Who is the pioneer of the cybernetics?
5. What is the meaning of ICT?
Book Review: Gender and Computer Ethics
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Technology is a significant site of gender negotiations where both masculine and
feminine identities are constructed and deconstructed. Technologies are incorporated into our gender identities…feminine or masculine”
– Alison Adams
Learning Expectation:
To know why this book is entitled, gender and computer ethics and to know what is computer ethics.
Review:
Chapter 5 is a combination of old and new material. As in the previous edition, I begin by asking how computer and information technology has changed the collection and distribution of personal information. I describe the traditional way in which the privacy issue has been framed—as necessarily involving a trade-off between individual interests in controlling information and the efficiency and improved decision making of those who can make use of the information. I argue for reframing the issue in a way that recognizes personal privacy not just as an individual good but as a social good, and I try to make clear the importance of privacy for democracy. I conclude the chapter by discussing a variety of possible approaches to improving the protection of personal privacy.
Women have domesticated the phone by including it in the household, using it to maintain relations with friends and family, thereby subverting the original ideas of its design, for business, and other public rather than private matters. Because of its ease of use and its link with feminine identity, it is said to have “become a ‘mundane’ technology. Studies have shown that women are increasingly using the internet, but according to surveys they are still far behind in comparison to men, the profile of the average internet user being male, under 35, employed, with no children in the household. There have been many theories as to why there are not as many women using the internet.
Because women are stereotypically thought to be linked to private life and not represented in the public world, they may have some reservations signing on to what is described as a “new public space or even a new ‘public sphere’”. It has been said that women have less access to the web, and that man are more likely to have jobs that provide access. Also there is a ‘flamed out’ theory that states that male violence is used to “control women’s behavior, or to exclude women from public spaces entirely
What I have learned:
I have learned in this chapter that the women nowadays, were explorer. The man’s doping were also can be done by them. The topic of gender has been somewhat neglected I computer writing to date. I also learned the two main strands of current research in gender and computer ethics. The first strand can be viewed by spillover from information systems and computing research. One more knowledgeable things that I get was that much decision making in relation to computer technologies takes place in the workplace.
Integrative Question:
1. What is computer ethics?
2. What is traditional ethics, feminist ethics/feminist theory?
3. What is feminist ethics/feminist theory?
4. What feminist ethics offer computer ethics?
5. What is cyberstalking?
Book Review: Is Global Information Infrastructure a democratic Technology?
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “The adoption of a given technical system unavoidably brings with it conditions
for human relationships that have a distinctive political cast”
-Deborah G. Johnson
Learning Expectation:
I expect to learn why the book title Global Information Infrastructure a democratic Technology. I also want to learn what is democratic technology is.
Review:
In the years since I wrote the first edition of Computer Ethics, the property rights issues have gotten more and more complicated. While there is dissatisfaction with current law, in fact, the law has not changed fundamentally. I have come to the conclusion that the most useful approach for an introductory text of this kind is to stay with the fundamentals. Thus, this chapter is very similar to the property rights chapter in the second edition. I begin by describing the problem that ownership of software poses. I describe copyright, trade secrecy, and patent law and the inadequacies each has for protecting computer software. Digging deeper into the problem, I explore the philosophical basis for property rights looking first at the natural rights arguments and then at the utilitarian arguments for and against ownership. I conclude with an argument similar to the one I made in the second edition: Making an illegal copy of proprietary software is immoral because it is illegal. While it is immoral because it is illegal, there are other kinds of immorality that would be immoral even if they were legal. I conclude with a brief discussion of how the Internet is likely to exacerbate property rights issues.
In any case, the idea that the GII is democratic because it connects every individual to every other individual and allows individuals in political discussion puts the emphasis on the users of the technology. On this account of the value-ladeness of the technology, we may buy and use things because of their symbolic meaning in our culture, not only because of their focal function. The type of account of values embedded in a technology is similar to the material account in that on both types of account, values are though to be amenable to being read off the technology. On the expressive meaning account, however, values are dependent on social context so that one cannot understand the values expressed in a technology unless one understands its social contexts. They should be kept distinct primarily because they point to very different ways in which values be embedded in technologies and therefore, they recommend quite different directions of analysis of technology.
What I have learned:
I have learned that global information infrastructure is often claimed to be a democratic technology. I also learned that GII is to be the coming together of technology with telecommunications. It is originated with the internet, but that name now seems inappropriate.
I have also learned that the infrastructures in many aspects of our lives used to take place, work, shopping, banking and entertainment. One thing that I have learned is that in terms of democracy, a technology may have: intractable properties that require democratic patterns of authority, intractable properties that require non-democratic patterns of authority and flexible properties that are compatible with either pattern authority.
Integrative Question:
1. What are two tenets has form from the foundation of science and technology?
2. What are the two tenets of Bijker’s articulation?
3. What type of account where values pervade the invention and production of technology?
4. What type of account is similar to the preceding in the sense that it also affirms inseparability between the technologies?
5. What is Winner famous article title?
Book Review: Applying Ethical and Moral Concepts Theories to IT Contexts: Some Key problems and Challenges
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “In wake of enlightenment, the emphasis in ethical theory has been for a long
time on systems and rules”
-Frans A.J. Birrer
Learning Expectation:
I expect to learn how to apply ethical and moral concepts theories to IT. I am also expecting to see the meaning of ethical and moral concept theories. And lastly I expect to learn its problems and challenges
Review:
It has often been suggested that technology carries values and biases embedded in it. This paper is an examination of the relation between (the implementation of) computer technology and the incorporation of values and biases. The social complexity of this issue tends to be underexposed. Suggestions are presented for a more comprehensive understanding. Computer and information ethics, as well as other fields of applied ethics, it needs ethical theories which coherently unify deontological and consequentiality aspects of ethical analysis. The proposed theory of just consequentialism emphasizes consequences of policies within the constraints of justice. This makes just consequentialism a practical and theoretically sound approach to ethical problems of computer and information ethics.
This subchapter begins with scenarios that pose a wide range of accountability issues: responsibility for rape in a virtual reality game, accountability when software recommends a decision, liability of Internet Service Providers, and responsibility for the Y2K problem. A discussion of the different meaning and uses of terms such as responsibility, accountability, liability, and blame lays the groundwork for the chapter. The focus then turns to the legal environment for the buying and selling of computer and information technology where the distinction between selling a product and providing a service is pivotal. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to issues that are unique to computer and information technology, especially the diffusion of accountability, the Y2K problem, and Internet issues.
Suggesting that such issues can simply be filed under some branch of “ethics” gives a misleading idea of the nature of these problems, of the kind of framework that is needed to solve them, and of the type of expert specialization one should turn to for advice on these matters. It also leads to an undesirable depolarization of such issues, as if the answers can be found by “rational” analysis provided by some establishment of ethical experts rather than by negotiation.
What I have learned:
I have learned from this chapter that computer ethics to almost anything that for decades used to be indicated by terms like social issues in computing. I have also learned that before applying ethical and moral concepts theories to IT contexts there are three conditions to be met, knowing the questions, limitations, and sufficiently detailed the knowledge. I have also known that there are good reasons to distinguish between ethics in a narrow sense, and broader category.
Integrative Question:
1. What are the conditions that we will meet in applying ethical and moral concepts and theories to IT contexts?
2. What is revival of virtue ethics?
3. What are the behavioral description to employers
4. What makes a picture a lot simpler?
5. What is another term for social issues in computing?
Book Review: Just Consequentialism and Computing
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “The ends do not justify the means”
-James Moor
Learning Expectation:
In this chapter entitled Just Consequentialism and Computing I expect to learn:
1. The things about consequentialism and computing.
2. And why the author gave it a title of Just consequntialism and computing.
Review:
Chapter 8 is the second chapter devoted to the Internet. Drawing on material from the second edition, I begin this chapter with a general discussion of technology and social change and identify the pitfalls in asking questions such as, Is computer and information technology causing a social revolution? Is it changing things or reinforcing the status quo? Is technology good or bad? Attention is then focused on values embedded in computer and information technology. I emphasize how value-laden technology is. The chapter turns, then, to the Internet and democracy. I examined the arguments that are made to show that the Internet is a democratic technology and I critique these arguments.
Computer and information technology and especially the Internet have been implicated in the widening gap between haves and have-nots within countries and among countries of the world. After examining this issue which has come to be known as “the digital divide,” I briefly discuss the gender gap in computing, and then I turn briefly to the value of freedom of expression. I conclude this chapter by pointing to three issues that will be particularly important to watch in the future: jurisdiction, systems of trust, and insularity.
Another growth area in computing is, of course, the web. The internet, which began for military and scientific purposes, has been around for three decades. But the development of part of the internet, the world wide web, during the past ten years is revolutionizing the way we communicate, check the news, and buy merchandise. By one estimate in 1998 there were 200 million internet users and the expectation is that by 2003 there will be over 500 million internet users. Cyberspace is no longer just a black and white engineering world but a colorful and diverse stage for human interaction. The transmission of information over the internet today is as likely to be a color digital picture of a new grandchild as a coded military message.
With the exponential increase in computing power and interconnectivity on the internet the web promises to have a striking and unimaginable cultural impact during the coming century. Even with current capabilities we can foresee that everyone on the web be will be able to publish an updated, personal magazine of information and have a subscription to a gigantic, updated and at least partially indexed world magazine of information. Everyone on the web will be able to broadcast personal audio and visual programs and receive millions of others.
What I have learned:
I have learned that we should develop computing policies in such a way that they are above all just. Another is setting ethical policies for computing might compared to setting a course while sailing.
I also learned that sailors take danger bearings to avoid dangerous objects as a reef. Certain courses should not be taken.
Integrative Question:
1. What are the two factors that are salient in computing which exacerbate the problem of ensuring justice on the net?
2. What are the considerations that threaten the existence of justice in cyberspace?
3. How can justice in cyberspace be generated and maintained?
4. Where does Gert refer his view of impartiality?
5. Where does “setting ethical policies for computing might be compared?
Book Review: The internet as Public Space: Concepts, Issues, and Implications in Public Policy
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “No universal service for schools or libraries that fail to implement a filtering or
blocking technology for computers with internet access”
-Jean Camp and Y.T. Chien
Learning Expectation:
I expect to learn all the things that have something to do with the internet as public space, its issues and implications in public policy. I also intend to learn what is public space is.
Review:
In particular, three issues must be considered when regulating electronic spaces: simultaneity, permeability and exclusivity. Simultaneity refers to the ability of a person to be two places at once: at work and at a train station. Permeability is the ability of barriers between spatial, organizational or traditional barriers to be made less powerful or effective with the adoption of information technology. The permeability of the work/home barrier is most clearly illustrated with telecommuting. Exclusivity is the nature of one space, perception, or activity to prevent others. Intranets may offer exclusive access through a variety of access control mechanisms. In the physical sphere, the walled private cities offer an excellent example of exclusivity.
In order to accomplish our goal we begin by describing what the Internet is not: a new entrant into the media types paradigm. The media types approach fails with respect to the Internet. The failures of the media regulatory metaphor have lead to a spatial metaphor, which better addresses the subtly and complexity of virtual reality. However, the differences which prevent the spatial model from being mapped directly onto the Internet are issues of simultaneity and the permeability of boundaries on the Internet.
We address the fundamental policy issues that result from treating the Internet as public space. We delineate the types of public spaces that may be found on the Internet: libraries, clinics or hospitals, universities, marketplaces, international marketplaces or cultural exchange centers, schools, and as a forum for political speeches or debate. For each public place a subset of the previously discussed policy issues applies in a unique way.
What I have learned:
I have learned that internet nowadays has its big contribution to the society. Internet become the easiest communication of everyone near or far places. I have also learned that is more than multi-media, it was a national and global telecommunication.
I learned too that thru internet we can go different places without expense in transportation, thru here we can view the places we want, we can talk to our love ones just easy as clicking internet in a computer. In internet to, one can be a publisher, at the same time the method of publication can make the person a broadcaster as well.
Integrative Question:
1. What are the uses of internet as public spaces?
2. What are the digital characteristics of a public space?
3. What are the two contradictory characteristics of internet?
4. What is the recent debate about what internet really is?
5. What is the language of the digital age?
Book Review: The Laws of Cyberspace
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Behavior in the real world, this world, the world in which I am speaking is
regulated by four sort constraints. Law is just one of those constraints,
law is prominent of regulators”
– Larry Lessig
Learning Expectation:
I expect to learn the things about the laws in cyberspace.
Review:
Few intellectuals have influenced the way people think about cyberspace as much as Lawrence Lessig. His first book, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, was described by one critic as “a direct assault on the libertarian perspective that informs much Internet policy debate.” At the same time, by probing the complicated relationship between “East Coast code” that is, legislation and the “West Coast code” that creates the architecture of the Internet, the book changed the terms of the debate, influencing even the people Lessig was criticizing.
By explaining technology to the lawyers and law to the technologists, Lessig has deepened a lot of people’s understanding of the Net. Few in the public policy community, for example, have given much thought to the different layers of cyberspace. By contrast, Lessig distinguishes the physical layer the network’s hardware and wires from the logical layer (the protocols that determine who connects to what) and the content layer the actual material delivered by the protocols over the wires. To maintain our ability to innovate online, he argues, one must recognize the different relationship public policy has with each layer of the system.
In the meantime, Lessig argues fiercely for preserving an online commons, a concept he distinguishes but does not completely disentangle from government control. In the wake of the socialist collapse, he writes, “the issue for us will not be which system of exclusive control the government or the market — should govern a given resource. The question for us comes before: not whether the market or the state but, for any given resource, whether that resource should be controlled or free.”
In our culture, whenever we think about commons, we instantly affix the idea of tragedy. But logically, that can only be true if there is some rivalrousness about that property if my use of it interferes with your ability to use it the same way. Obviously, intellectual goods are not like that. My use of my poems doesn’t stop your use of my poems. So if a commons is nonrivalrous, there can be no tragedy, because my consumption of it does not reduce the amount available to you.
What I have learned:
I have learned that cyberspace is an avoidable and yet it is unregulable, no nation can live without it, yet no nation can be able to control behavior in it. I have also learned that cyberspace is the place where individuals are inherently free from the control of real space sovereigns.
Integrative Question:
1. What is cyberspace?
2. What are the Harvard rules in the cyberspace?
3. Difference of net in University of Chicago and Harvard?
4. What is the constraint adult not to sell porn to kids?
5. What are norms?
Book Review: Of Black Holes and Decentralized Law-making in Cyberspace
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “The task of identifying the alternative rule-makers for purposes of normative
comparison is made even more difficult than this because cyberspace,
having emerged from decentralized disorder – from the primordial ooze of
the internet engineering task force – many well create conditions that the favour
the growth of powerful centralizing forces. The state of Virginia will soon discover that
its anti-spam statute has little effect on the amount of spam that its citizens receive, because while spam originating anywhere on the network can easily make its way into Virginia, spam originating elsewhere, i.e. outside of Virginia’s borders – is largely
immune to Virginia’s control. The same will be true to a federal anti-spam statute
(if such statute is enacted), just on a grander scale. We can already write the headline.”
-David Post
Learning Expectation:
To understand what is meant by the “black holes” in cyberspace
Review:
Conditions in cyberspace do seem to create, in Professor Elkin-Koren’s words, “new opportunities for voluntary normative regimes” of this kind. Not surprisingly, conflicts between formal and informal, centralized and decentralized, rule-making processes are at the heart of many of the important and challenging cyberspace policy debates. The extraordinary current turmoil in the domain name allocation system is one illustration. The story has been told in detail elsewhere.
Briefly, in the beginning before the Internet became such a Big Deal responsibility for operating the machines, and the databases on those machines, that correctly route Internet messages fell to the Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA), an imposing-sounding entity that, in reality, consisted of a small number of dedicated volunteers in southern California. As the Internet began its explosive growth, IANA’s ability to maintain the system became increasingly overloaded; beginning in 1993, responsibility for maintaining these databases – at least, for three of the increasingly popular “generic top-level” domains com, net, org and the like was handed over to a private firm, Network Solutions, Inc., under a contract – styled a “Cooperative Agreement” – funded by the U.S. government first through the National Science Foundation, later through the Commerce Department’s National Telecommunications and Information Administration.
When that cooperative agreement was due to expire in 1998, the Commerce Department had a decision to make. It could simply walk away from the relationship on the stated expiration date, which is ordinarily what happens when cooperative agreements (or any government contracts) expire. It rejected that option, however, taking the position that it would be “irresponsible to withdraw from its existing management role [in the domain name system] without taking steps to ensure the stability of the Internet.” The Internet naming system, it concluded, needed a “more formal and robust management structure,” and it called for the creation of a new, not-for-profit corporation formed by the “Internet stakeholders” themselves to manage the domain name system. Shortly thereafter, control of this system was placed in the hands of a single institution now known as ICANN, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers which would have overall responsibility for setting the rules under which the domain name system would henceforth operate. Putting aside whatever one might think of this decision, the decision to centralize authority over this system in a single, government-authorized entity will inevitably have deep implications for the Internet as a whole.
What I have learned:
I have learned in this chapter the following:
• The incident
• The explanation
• The question
• The debate
Integrative Question:
1. What are black holes in cyberspace?
2. What is spam?
3. What is RBL means?
4. What is MAPS means?
5. What does ISP stand for?
Book Review: Fahrenheit 451.2: Is Cyberspace Burning?
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Any content-based regulation, no matter how benign the purpose could burn the global village to roast the pig”
Learning Expectation:
To know what is cyberspace burning and if it is really happening?
Review:
This paper examines the free speech implications of the various proposals for Internet blocking and rating. Individually, each of the proposals poses some threat to open and robust speech on the Internet; some pose a considerably greater threat than others.
Even more ominous is the fact that the various schemes for rating and blocking, taken together, could create a black cloud of private “voluntary” censorship that is every bit as threatening as the CDA itself to what the Supreme Court called “the most participatory form of mass speech yet developed.”
We call on industry leaders, Internet users, policy makers and parents groups to engage in a genuine debate about the free speech ramifications of the rating and blocking schemes being proposed.
Third-party ratings systems, designed to work in tandem with PICS labeling, have been held out by some as the answer to the free speech problems posed by self-rating schemes. On the plus side, some argue, ratings by an independent third party could minimize the burden of self-rating on speakers and could reduce the inaccuracy and mis-rating problems of self-rating. In fact, one of the touted strengths of the original PICS proposal was that a variety of third-party ratings systems would develop and users could pick and choose from the system that best fit their values. But third party ratings systems still pose serious free speech concerns.
First, a multiplicity of ratings systems has not yet emerged on the market, probably due to the difficulty of any one company or organization trying to rate over a million web sites, with hundreds of new sites ¬ not to mention discussion groups and chat rooms ¬ springing up daily.
Second, under third-party rating systems, unrated sites still may be blocked.
When choosing which sites to rate first, it is likely that third-party raters will rate the most popular web sites first, marginalizing individual and non-commercial sites. And like the self-rating systems, third-party ratings will apply subjective and value-laden ratings that could result in valuable material being blocked to adults and older minors. In addition, available third-party rating systems have no notification procedure, so speakers have no way of knowing whether their speech has received a negative rating.
What I have learned:
I have learned that the ACLU and others in the cyber-liberties community were genuinely alarmed by the tenor of the White House summit and the unabashed enthusiasm for technological fixes that will make it easier to block or render invisible controversial speech.
I also get to understand the issue about the first flames of Internet censorship appeared two years ago, with the introduction of the Federal Communications Decency Act (CDA), outlawing “indecent” online speech. But in the landmark case Reno v. ACLU , the Supreme Court overturned the CDA, declaring that the Internet is entitled to the highest level of free speech protection.
Integrative Questions:
1. When was the Reno v. ACLU held?
2. Where was the Reno v. ACLU held?
3. What are the six reasons why self-rating schemes are wrong for the Internet?
4. What is CDS?
5. What does ACLU mean?
Book Review: Filtering the Internet in the USA: Free Speech Denied?
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “We’d rather block more than less” (Berlin and Kantor)
Learning Expectation:
To learn what is filtering and how does it affects the internet and the user.
Review:
Much of the motivation for filtering and blocking programs arises from the efforts in the U.S. to defeat the Communications Decency Act of 1996 by showing that programs existed, or would soon exist, to control access at the local level removing the need to place the burden on Internet Service Providers (ISPs). The repercussions of this “bargain with the devil” are being felt today and the impact on free speech is considerable, especially in such public areas as libraries, schools, and community center.
A variety of organizations, institutions, companies, and countries seek to restrict Internet access from within their premises and territories. For example, companies may seek to improve employee productivity by restricting access to leisure sites; libraries and schools may seek to avoid exposing children to sexually-explicit content, or be required to do so; countries may seek to control the information received by their citizens generally. Common among nearly all these applications is the public unavailability of the filtering lists — that, by the design of filtering systems, users cannot and do not know the set of specific sites blocked. In some cases users might ask for a specific site and be told of its unavailability due to filtering, but in other cases such unavailability may be conflated with unremarkable network blockages — a Web site might be unreachable for any number of reasons, and the failure to view it at a particular moment cannot reliability be attributed to active filtering.
With this project we seek to document and analyze a large number of Web pages blocked by various types of filtering regimes, and ultimately create a distributed tool enabling Internet users worldwide to gather and relay such data from their respective locations on the Internet. We can thus start to assemble a picture not of a single hypothetical World Wide Web comprising all pages currently served upon it, but rather a mosaic of webs as viewed from respective locations, each bearing its own limitations on access. As various countries, companies and other entities employ or consider employing filtering software, documentation of the specific details, successes, and in some instances flaws of existing filtering efforts may prove helpful.
What I have learned:
I have learned that much of motivation for filtering and blocking arises from the efforts in the US to defeat the Communications Decency Act of 1996. I also used to learned that filtering or blocking software can be taken to be mechanism used to: restrict access to internet content, based on an internal database of the product, or restrict access to internet content through a database maintained external to the product itself, or, restrict access to internet content to certain ratings assigned to host sites by a third party, or, restrict access to internet content by scanning content, based on a keyword, phrase or text string or; restrict access to internet content based on the source of the information.
Integrative Question:
1. What are three basic types of filtering?
2. What are the librarians and filtering programs?
3. What does PICS mean?
4. What is the software tool that internet users use to conduct searches for content on particular subject?
5. What is the software tool internet users need in order to access information on the World Wide Web?
Book Review: Censorship, the Internet, and the Child Pornography Law of 1996: A Critique
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “When the law speaks universally, there, and a cause arises on it which is not covered by the universal statement, then it is right, where the legislator fails us and has erred by over-simplicity, to correct the omission to say what the legislator himself would have said had been present. And would have put into his law if he had known”
Jacques N. Catudal
Learning Expectation:
To learn all the important things about censorship, internet and the child pornography law in 1996
Review:
After describing the Child Pornography Prevention Act (CPPA) of 1996, I argue that the Act ought to be significantly amended. The central objections to CPPA are (1) that it is so broad in its main proscriptions as to violate the First Amendment rights of adults; (2) that it altogether fails to provide minors and their legal guardians with the privacy rights needed to combat the harms associated with certain classes of prurient material on the Internet; and, (3) that the actual rate of technological advance in home computing, and Congress’ failure to appreciate how prurient material may be accessed, combined with CPPA to wrongfully expose an increasing number of individuals to possible prosecution and personal ruination.
Several other objections are registered along the way, including one aimed at the draconian punishments the law metes out to violators. I close by offering the outlines of an amended version of the law that promises not to violate the rights of adults, that affords children and adults equal and effective protection against the very harmful practices the current law cannot eradicate, and that prescribes punishments that are consistent with the tolerance necessary to support a more democratic vision of the Internet.
The United States Supreme Court has recently ruled that virtual child pornography is protected free speech, partly on the grounds that virtual pornography does not harm actual children. I review the evidence for the contention that virtual pornography might harm children, and find that it is, at best, inconclusive. Saying that virtual child pornography does not harm actual children is not to say that it is completely harmless, however. Child pornography, actual or virtual, necessarily eroticizes inequality; in as exist society it therefore contributes to the subordination of women.
What I have learned:
I learned the meaning of censorship, the child pornography laws. The unwieldy discussion of censorship on the internet, that it will be useful to introduce an define a number of key terms and distinctions, not only for achieving greater clarity and control over the discussion but for setting the moral and political backdrop against which it takes place.
I also learned that the difference forms of censorship bears on affecting the prohibition.
Integrative Question:
1. What is the meaning of child pornography?
2. When and where was the 1st Circuit Court of Appeals upheld?
3. How does Ray Bradbury describe Fahrenheit 451?
4. What group had an argument in the issue about net?
5. What do we call the rating standard that establishes a consent way to rate and block online content?
Book Review: Internet Access Controls Without Censorship PICS
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “When publishers are unwilling to participate, or can’t be trusted to participate honestly, independent organizations can provide third-party labels.”
-Paul Resnick and James Miller
Learning Expectation:
I expect to learn all the important details about this book.
Review:
PICS-compatible software can implement selective blocking in various ways. One possibility is to build it into the browser on each computer, as announced by Microsoft and Netscape. A second method-one used in products such as CyberPatrol and SurfWatch-is to perform this operation as part of each computer’s network protocol stack. A third possibility is to perform the operation somewhere in the network, for example at a proxy server used in combination with a firewall. Each alternative affects efficiency, ease of use, and security. For example, a browser could include nice interface features such as graying out blocked links, but it would be fairly easy for a child to install a different browser and bypass the selective blocking. The network implementation may be the most secure, but could create a performance bottleneck if not implemented carefully.
PICS do not specify how parents or other supervisors set configuration rules. One possibility is to provide a configuration tool like that shown in Figure 3. Even that amount of configuration may be too complex, however. Another possibility is for organizations and on-line services to provide preconfigured sets of selection rules. For example, an on-line service might team up with UNICEF to offer “Internet for kids” and “Internet for teens” packages, containing not only preconfigured selection rules, but also a default home page provided by UNICEF.
Labels can be retrieved in various ways. Some clients might choose to request labels each time a user tries to access a document. Others might cache frequently requested labels or download a large set from a label bureau and keep a local database, to minimize delays while labels are retrieved.
What I have learned:
Form this chapter I have learned that PICS provides a common format for labels, so that any PICS-compliant selection software can process any PICS-compliant label.
I also learned that PICS provides a labeling infrastructure for the Internet. It is values-neutral: it can accommodate any set of labeling dimensions, and any criteria for assigning labels. Any PICS-compatible software can interpret labels from any source, because each source provides a machine-readable description of its labeling dimensions.
Around the world, governments are considering restrictions on on-line content. Since children differ, contexts of use differ, and values differ, blanket restrictions on distribution can never meet everyone’s needs. Selection software can meet diverse needs, by blocking reception, and labels are the raw materials for implementing context-specific selection criteria. The availability of large quantities of labels will also lead to new sorting, searching, filtering, and organizing tools that help users surf the Internet more efficiently.
Integrative Question:
1. What does PICS not specify?
2. What does PICS provide?
3. What are the three factors in blocking net?
4. What is a common set of dimensions would make publishers self labels?
5. Who creates labels?
Book Review: Internet Service Providers and Defamation: New Strands of Liability
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider”
-Richard A. Spinello
Learning Expectation:
To learn why this chapter entitled Internet Service Providers and Defamation: New Strand of Liability
Review:
This article explores recent developments in the regulation of Internet speech, in particular, injurious or defamatory speech and the impact the attempts at regulation are having on the `body’ in the sense of the individual person who speaks through the medium of the Internet and upon those harmed by that speech. The article proceeds in three sections. First, a brief history of the legal attempts to regulate defamatory Internet speech in the United States is presented & semi; a short comparative discussion of defamation law in the UK and Australia is included.
As discussed in this chapter, this regulation has altered the traditional legal paradigm of responsibility and, as a result, creates potential problems for the future of unrestricted and even anonymous speech on the Internet. Second, an ethical assessment is made of the defamatory speech environment in order to determine which actors have moral responsibility for the harm caused by defamatory speech. This moral assessment is compared to the developing and anticipated legal paradigm to identify possible conformity of moral and legal tenants or to recognize the conflict between morality and law in assigning responsibility to defamatory actors.
This assessment then concludes with possible suggestions for changes in the legal climate governing the regulation of defamatory speech on the Internet, as well as prediction of the result should the legal climate continue to develop on its present course. This is not to suggest that all law, or even the law of defamation, be structured to reflect the subjectivity of a moral construct, but since it is the authors position that the legal assignment of liability in online settings is misaligned, this reflection can serve as beginning reassessment of that assignment.
What I have learned:
I have learned that from the last few years defamation on internet has emerged as controversial topic of internet law. I had also learned that when a victim alleges defamation he or she must prove that the publication of the defamatory statement refers to the victim.
One more is that the different standards of liability for disturbing \defamatory information depending upon the role one plays in the process.
Integrative Question:
1. How does the defamation occur in the internet?
2. Does cyberspace alter the need for libel laws?
3. What is the meaning of CDA?
4. What is the meaning of AOL?
5. When did the Congress enter the fray and promulgated a new policy on ISP?
Book Review: A Politics of Intellectual Property: Environmentalism for the Net?
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value… when one of these non-economic categories id threatened, and if we happen to love it, we invent subterfuges to give it economic importance it is painful to read those circumlocutions today”
-James Boyle
Learning Expectation:
I expect to learn the environmentalism for the net. What does it mean and what this is for.
Review:
Accordingly, if the government produced a proposal that laid down the ground rules for the information economy, that profoundly altered the distribution of property rights over this extremely important resource and that threatened to “lock in” the power of current market leaders, one would expect a great deal of attention to be paid by lawyers, scholars and the media. Nothing could be further from the truth.
From my point of view, however, the really depressing thing about the report is that it fails to accomplish its stated goal; to examine what level of intellectual property rights would be necessary in cyberspace. It fails in a way that is both revealing and disturbing. The problem isn’t simply the tendency to give a pro-author account of the existing law.
Assume for a moment the need for a politics of intellectual property. Go further for a moment, and accept the idea that there might be a special need for a politics to protect the public domain. What might such a politics look like? Right now, it seems to me that, in a number of respects, we are at the stage that the American environmental movement was at in the 1950’s. There are people who care about issues we would now identify as “environmental” — supporters of the park system, hunters, birdwatchers and so on. (In the world of intellectual property we have start-up software engineers, libraries, appropriationist artists, parodists, biographers, biotech researchers etc.) There are flurries of outrage over particular crises — burning rivers, oil spills.
What I have learned:
In this chapter, I learned that there are structural reasons why these tendencies will continue. The first crucial aspect of the current information economy is the increasing homologisation of forms of information.
Another knowledge I learned is that libertarians don’t want newspapers censored; their attitude to the Net is the same (though the interactive quality of the technology, and the proprietary feeling that novelty gives first adopters have certainly given more people a stake in the protection of the system.) Non-profit groups have to adjust to changes in communications technology, just like changes in tax law, or the regulation of lobbying.
Integrative Question:
1. What are the two basic analytical frameworks of environmental movement?
2. How is Cyberpunk built?
3. What is privatize?
4. What products require enormous investments?
5. What article mentions two limitations on intellectual property rights?
Book Review: Intellectual Property, Information, and the Common Good
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Intellectual property has always been closely tied to technology. Technology arises from intellectual property in the form of new inventions. But technology also supports intellectual property by providing new, more powerful and more efficient”
– Michael C. McFarland, SJ
Learning Expectation:
To learn what was the meaning and all about of this chapter
Review:
Intellectual property is an odd notion, almost an oxymoron. Property usually refers to tangible assets over which someone has or claims control. Originally it meant land. Now it could also refer to a car, a milling machine, a jacket or a toothbrush. In all these cases the property claim is of control of the physical entity. If I claim a plot of land as my property, I am saying I can control who has access to that land and what they do there. I can build a fence around it, rent it out, or drill for oil on it.
If a car is my property, I get the keys to it. I can exclude others from using it and use it myself for whatever I want, as long as I do not threaten the lives or property of others. Intellectual property is different because its object is something intangible, although it usually has tangible expression. The intellectual property in a book is not the physical paper and ink, but the arrangement of words that the ink marks on the paper represent. The ink marks can be translated into regions of magnetic polarization on a computer disk, and the intellectual property, and whatever claims there are to that property, will be the same. The owner of a song claims control, not of the CD on which the song is recorded, but of the song itself, of where when and how it can be performed and recorded. But how can you build a fence around a song?
What I have learned:
I learned that computers have given rise to a whole new category of intellectual property, namely computer software. This chapter was all about the computer technology and how it changed every one’s life, its intellectual aspect, the information we get from it and the common good or affects of it.
In addition, as more and more traditional forms of intellectual property, such as writing, music and other sound, movies and videos, photographs, and so on, are being made publicly available on computer networks, they can be copied, manipulated, reworked, excerpted, recombined, and distributed much more easily than before.
Integrative Question:
1. What are the five cases in conflicts over intellectual property?
2. What is intellectual property?
3. It was the originally gave rise to intellectual property, what it is?
4. Where does technology arise?
5. What is the title of the article of Justin Hughes?
Book Review: Is Copyright Ethical? An Examination of the Theories, Laws, and Practices Regarding the Private Ownership of Intellectual Work in United States
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “The legally protected property interests individuals possess in the fruits of their intellectual endeavors”
– Shelly Warwick
Learning Expectation:
To learn the ethical, theories, laws and practice regarding the private ownership of intellectual work in US.
Review:
The essence of this decision is that infringement (copying works protected by copyright) is illegal but plagiarism (claiming the work or ideas or another as one’s own) is not illegal. The Lanham Act protects goods not expression. Copyright protects expression not ideas. Works once they enter the public domain have no protection. Scholarly ethics would require acknowledgment of sources whether or not they are protected, but entertainment ethics appear to be different. I can’t recall the parties involved, but I remember that a few years ago a judge found that a novel based to a considerable extent on the ideas presented in a scholarly work of history, and which did not acknowledge that source, had not infringed the copyright of the scholar since no expression had been copied. The judge I believe decried the ethics of the lack of acknowledgment but found, and in my opinion rightly, that the law provided no protection for ideas.
Plagiarism is certainly despicable, and academic solution of public shaming doesn’t seem to apply to the entertainment industry. But what would be worse, unpunished plagiarism or the loss of what little public domain that remains.
The focus is on two key questions: what is the relationship between ethics and copyright law and practice in the United States; and, is the concept of private ownership of intellectual property inherently ethical? These questions are important because access to an overwhelming number of the elements of daily life is now controlled by intellectual property law. Is non-conformance with these laws a calculated risk against being caught, equivalent to parking at a meter beyond the specified time period, or is it a matter of ethics. This chapter examines the relationship between intellectual property rights and ethics, focusing for the most part on copyright
What I have learned
The intellectual property is a term that has recently come into extensive use without definition that was the first things I learned in this chapter. Another is that striking the correct balance between access and incentives as the central problem of copyright law.
Current copyright law, as per the Copyright Act of 1976 as amended, protects all original works of authorship fixed in a tangible medium expression.
Integrative Question:
1. What are the two ways to approach ethics of copyright?
2. What year did the 105th congress passed three major copyright laws?
3. What does the copyright doesn’t cover?
4. Who defines property rights as the relationship between individuals in reference to things?
5. Who provided the summary of various approaches to rights?
Book Review: On the Web, Plagiarism Matters More than Copyright Piracy
Book: Cyeberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “The increasing use of web-based electronic publication has created new contexts for both piracy and plagiarism.”
– John W. Snapper
Learning Expectation:
I am expecting to learn the uses of plagiarism and what is the copyright piracy role in the web.
Review:
Although commonly confused, the values inherent in copyright policy are different from those inherent in scholarly standards for proper accreditation of ideas. Piracy is the infringement of a copyright, and plagiarism is the failure to give credit. The increasing use of Web-based electron publication has created new contexts for both piracy and plagiarism. In so far as piracy and plagiarism are confused, we cannot appreciate how the Web has changed the importance of these very different types of wrongs.
The present paper argues that Web-based publication lessens the importance of piracy, while it heightens the need for protections against plagiarism. Copyright policy protects the opportunity for publishers to make a profit from their investments. As the cost of publication decreases in the electronic media, we need fewer copyright protections. Plagiarism is the failure to abide by scholarly standards for citation of sources. These standards assure us that information can be verified and traced to its source. Since Web sources are often volatile and changing, it becomes increasingly difficult and important to have clear standards for verifying the source of all information.
In college courses, we are continually engaged with other people’s ideas: we read them in texts, hear them in lecture, discuss them in class, and incorporate them into our own writing. As a result, it is very important that we give credit where it is due. Plagiarism is using others’ ideas and words without clearly acknowledging the source of that information.
What I have learned:
I learned that piracy is the infringement of copyright, and plagiarism is the failure to give credit. If someone copy ones document the copyright owner suffers from the loss of the revenue that is customarily paid for permission to copy.
A possible loss of potential reputation is hardly sufficient grounds for the ethical indignation that academics express over incidents of plagiarism. There seems to be no grounds whatsoever for worry about loss of potential reputation.
Integrative Question:
1. What’s harm in plagiarism?
2. What’s the use of copyright?
3. Where does copyright must find the balance?
4. What is plagiarism?
5. Who was the obvious candidate to be harmed by plagiarism?
Book Review: An Ethical Evaluation of Web Site-Linking
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “As the World Wide Web has grown in popularity, the propriety of linking to other web sites has achieved some prominence as an important moral and legal issue. Hyperlinks represent the essence of Web-based activity, since they facilitate navigation in a unique and efficient fashion.”
– Richard A. Spinello
Learning Expectation:
I expect to learn the ethical evaluation of web site.
Review:
The most fundamental question concerns the appropriate scope of property rights for a web site and how those rights can be properly balanced against the common good of free and open communications on the Web. It is our contention that there is no presumptive claim to the liberty of deep linking at will, since it may be disrespectful of property rights in certain situations. In order to defend this position we first make the case that a web site is a form of intellectual property, drawing support from the major theories that justify property ownership.
Once we have established that a web site is really property, we consider the specific rights implied by such ownership. We conclude that on the basis of those rights, a prima facie case can be made that because of the potential for negative effects, users should not presume that deep linking is acceptable unless they first seek out the permission of the target web site.We also fully appreciate the dangers inherent in propertizing the web and the need to encourage the most flexible forms of linking.
Therefore, we argue that any arbitrary or unnecessary restrictions against deep linking should be eschewed for the sake of the common good of open communications, flexibility, and maximum porosity in the Internet environment. While web site authors may indeed have a property right in their creative work they have a correlative obligation to promote the sharing and free flow of information when their specific ownership rights are not put in jeopardy by deep linking.
What I have learned:
I have learned that there are so many issues and problems that spread related web site. This problem was not easy to solve if the computer user will continue spreading it. In this chapter the technical aspects of web site linking was also discussed.
I have also learned that the value and benefits of linking are manifold and beyond dispute. Most web pages have multiple links to other web pages.
Integrative Question:
1. What are the three theories encountered in the traditional literature?
2. What is “The right to manage”?
3. What is the “The right to income”?
4. What refers to combination of text, graphics or media content?
5. What can be harmful for target web sites in some circumstances?
Book Review: The Cathedral and the Bazaar
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Try to throw one way, you will, anyhow”
-Eric Raymond
Learning expectation:
To learn what was this chapter is all about.
Review:
As stated in Wikipedia, the Cathedral and the Bazaar is an essay by Eric S. Raymond on software engineering methods, based on his observations of the Linux kernel development process and his experiences managing an open source project, fetchmail. It was first presented by the author at the Linux Congress on May 27, 1997 and was published as part of a book of the same name in 1999.
The essay’s central thesis is Raymond’s proposition that “given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow” (which he terms Linus’s Law): the more widely available the source code is for public testing, scrutiny, and experimentation, the more rapidly all forms of bugs will be discovered. In contrast, Raymond claims that an inordinate amount of time and energy must be spent hunting for bugs in the Cathedral model, since the working version of the code is available only to a few developers.
The essay helped convince most existing open source and free software projects to adopt Bazaar-style open development models, fully or partially — including GNU Emacs and GCC, the original Cathedral examples. Most famously, it also provided the final push for Netscape Communications Corporation to release the source code for Netscape Communicator and start the Mozilla project.
When O’Reilly Media published the book in 1999, it achieved another distinction by being the first complete and commercially distributed book published under the Open Publication License. Open source provides the competitive advantage in the Internet Age. According to the August Forrester Report, 56 percent of IT managers interviewed at Global 2,500 companies are already using some type of open source software in their infrastructure and another 6 percent will install it in the next two years. This revolutionary model for collaborative software development is being embraced and studied by many of the biggest players in the high-tech industry, from Sun Microsystems to IBM to Intel. The Cathedral & the Bazaar is a must for anyone who cares about the future of the computer industry or the dynamics of the information economy.
What I have learned
I have learned that this is Eric Raymond’s great contribution to the success of the open source revolution, to the adoption of Linux-based operating systems, and to the success of open source users and the companies that supply them. The interest in open source software development has grown enormously in the past year.
Cathedral and Bazaar has a big role in the web site, we should just used it in the right time, place and reasons.
Integrative Question:
1. When did Linux swam onto radar screen?
2. What was Linux style of development?
3. Since when did the author running the technical side of a small free-access?
4. What does POP mean?
5. What does IMAP mean?
Book Review: Towards a Theory of Privacy for the Information Age
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: ”The justification of privacy would be more secure if we could show that it has intrinsic value”
-Deborah Johnson
Learning Expectation:
Since this chapter is all about the theory 0of privacy for the information age, I expect to learn this theory.
Review:
Privacy is one of the values that we think of as being obvious, until we try to define it. So let us call on a leading philosopher, James Moor, to provide a definition. Moor suggests that privacy is evident when a person is “protected from intrusion, interference and information access by others”. This is a good definition of privacy in Western societies, but it is important to remember that this value is neither universal nor absolute. China and Singapore are examples of many societies where it is not considered correct that individuals have the right to be shielded as described by Moor.
Even where this is held to be correct, in societies such as Australia, it is seen as acceptable for individual privacy to be overridden for the sake of something more valuable, such as the general welfare, and indeed people frequently sacrifice their own privacy for some other benefit, such as the convenience of transacting over the Internet.
If, nevertheless, it is taken that individual privacy is to be respected, then the arguments for and against RFID can perhaps be seen as arguments for and against information and communications technology (ICT) in general as the enemy of privacy. As the eminent computer ethicist Herman Tavani explains, ICT poses a unique threat to personal privacy because of the type and quantity of personal information that can be collected, combined with the speed of transmission and the length of time that the information can be held
What I have learned:
I learned how important privacy is, it is one of our personal time where we can do what we want. Privacy is only for ourselves that no one has the right to disturb or distract. In this chapter privacy is the main topic, I have known that it was not only in personal lives a persona has a privacy but also in web site.
I also learned the theory that determines the privacy for information age. Greased information is information that moves like lightning and is hard to hold onto.
Integrative Question:
1. From the point of view of ethical theory what is the curious value?
2. What makes information easy to access?
3. What are the values we have in common as human beings?
4. What is privacy?
5. What is PETS means?
Book Review: The Structure of Rights in Directive 95/46EC on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and the Free Movement of Such Data
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “In one sense, all human rights are aspects of the right to privacy.”
-Dag Elgesem
Learning Expectation:
I am expecting to learn the meaning and what this chapter is all about.
Review:
Privacy is a fundamental human right. It underpins human dignity and other values such as freedom of association and freedom of speech. It has become one of the most important human rights of the modern age.
Privacy is recognized around the world in diverse regions and cultures. It is protected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and in many other international and regional human rights treaties. Nearly every country in the world includes a right of privacy in its constitution. At a minimum, these provisions include rights of inviolability of the home and secrecy of communications. Most recently written constitutions include specific rights to access and control one’s personal information. In many of the countries where privacy is not explicitly recognized in the constitution, the courts have found that right in other provisions. In many countries, international agreements that recognize privacy rights such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or the European Convention on Human Rights have been adopted into law.
Of all the human rights in the international catalogue, privacy is perhaps the most difficult to define. Definitions of privacy vary widely according to context and environment. In many countries, the concept has been fused with data protection, which interprets privacy in terms of management of personal information.
Outside this rather strict context, privacy protection is frequently seen as a way of drawing the line at how far society can intrude into a person’s affairs. The lack of a single definition should not imply that the issue lacks importance. As one writer observed, “in one sense, all human rights are aspects of the right to privacy.”
What I have learned:
After I read this chapter, I learned that this is all about the data in a internet where there are so many problems had encountered by the user and owner. According to article 8, any processing is justified for other reasons. However it is unclear whether it is necessary in this case for the controller to obtain the data subject’s consent to the further processing.
I also learned that the basic idea of the restricted access in its most suggestive sense, privacy is a limitation of other’s access to individual.
Integrative Question:
1. What are the three types of channels?
2. What are the two very different ideals in the directive pertaining to the protection of individual rights?
3. What are the three aspects of privacy?
4. What is the concern of European standard?
5. What article stated that personal data maybe processed for purposes of various legitimate interests?
Book Review: Privacy Protection, Control of Information, and Privacy-Enhancing Technologies
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “The increased use of the Internet for everyday activities is bringing new threats to personal privacy. This paper gives an overview of existing and potential privacy-enhancing technologies for the Internet, as well as motivation and challenges for future work in this field.”
-Herman Tavani and James H. Moor
Learning Expectation:
To learn what is privacy protection, the role of it in the internet, web site, to users and to the owners.
Review:
Information privacy is a scarce commodity in cyberspace. The technical infrastructure of cyberspace makes it remarkably easy and cheap to collect substantial amounts of information identifiable to particular individuals. Once these data have been collected, information technologies make it very easy and cheap to process the data in any number of ways (for example, to make profiles of particular users’ interests).
Although some privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) are being developed and deployed, these technologies have thus far done little to make cyberspace more privacy friendly. The market incentives for firms to collect and process personal data are very high. Data about users is not only useful in assessing how a firm might improve its service for its customers, but it also has become a key commercial asset which firms use both for internal marketing purposes and for licensing to third parties.
While innovative information and communication services are constantly improving people’s lives and generating growth throughout Europe’s economy, they can also bring about new risks. Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) can minimise them by helping people better protect their privacy and personal data online. PETs can help to design information and communication systems and services [to] minimise the collection and use of personal data and facilitate compliance with data protection rules” – PET press pack.
The European Commission points out in its Communication on Promoting Data Protection by Privacy Enhancing Technologies, that risks such as identity theft, discriminatory profiling, continuous surveillance and fraud are increasingly undermining the consumer’s privacy online because people cannot yet fully control or protect their privacy when using ICTs.
What I have learned:
After I have read this chapter, I get to know that privacy is not simply an absence of information about us in the minds of others. This chapter was all about protecting one’s privacy in the field of web site and internet. It also deals with the privacy enhancing technologies, where our technology is in the high status.
Privacy refers to the ability of the individual to protect information about himself. Anonymity is privacy of identity. We can divide anonymity into two cases: persistent anonymity where the user maintains a persistent online persona which is not connected with the user’s physical identity and one-time anonymity, where an online persona lasts for just one use.
Integrative Question
1. What are the uses of control in justification?
2. What are the complementary notions that reinforce each other?
3. What concepts aim to protect personal identity?
4. Who said that PETs can be understood as technical and organizational concepts?
5. PET can function as what?
Book Review: Toward an Approach to Privacy in Public Challenges of Information Technology
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “At the heart of the concern to protect “privacy” lies a conception of the individual and his or her relationship with society. The idea of private and public spheres or activity assumes a community in which not only does such a division make sense, but the institutional and structural arrangements that facilitate with an organic representation of this kind are present”
– Helen Nissenbaum
Learning Expectation:
I expect the following in this chapter:
• To learn problems that we encounter in privacy
• To learn why privacy is important in the field of technology.
Review:
As the technical standards and communication protocols for VSC technologies are still being developed, certain ethical implications of these new information technologies emerge: Coupled with the predicted safety benefits of VSC applications is a potential rise in the ability to surveil a driver engaging in her everyday activities on the public roads. This paper will explore how the introduction of VSC technologies might disrupt the “contextual integrity” of personal information flows in the context of highway travel and threaten one’s “privacy in public.” Since VSC technologies and their related protocols and standards are still in the developmental stage, the paper will conclude by revealing how close attention to the ethical implications of the remaining design decisions can inform and guide designers of VSC technologies to create innovate safety applications that increase public safety, but without compromising the value of one’s privacy in public.
This article does not dispute the importance of securing intimate and personal realms. Nor does it challenge the compelling connection between privacy norms and the ability to protect these realms against unwarranted intrusion. It argues, however, that an account of privacy is not complete that stops with the intimate and recent advances in wireless technologies have led to the development of intelligent, in-vehicle safety applications designed to share information about the actions of nearby vehicles, potential road hazards, and ultimately predict dangerous scenarios or imminent collisions. These vehicle safety communication (VSC) technologies rely on the creation of autonomous, self-organizing, wireless communication networks connecting vehicles with roadside infrastructure and with each other.
What I have learned:
I learned that the idea that privacy functions to protect the integrity of a private or intimate realm spans scholarly work in many discipline, including legal, political, and philosophical discussions of privacy. I also learned that the widespread use of technology such as in personal profiling, to assemble and transmit vast stores of information is called public information.
Integrative Question
1. Who is 19th century British legal theorist?
2. What do you call the technology that assemble and transmit vast stores information?
3. It is delimited by physical boundaries, what is it?
4. Who characterized privacy as a legal island?
5. What are the two misleading assumption?
Book Review: KDD, Privacy, Individuality, and Fairness
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “It should be observed that group profiles may occasionally be incompatible with respect to individuals privacy and rules and regulations regarding the protection of personal data, as it is commonly conceived of. For instance, distributive profiles may sometimes be rightfully thought of as infringement of individual privacy when the individuals involved can easily be identified through a combination with other information available to the recipient or through spontaneous recognition. In the case of non distributive profiles, however, the information remains attached to an information subject constituted by a group. It cannot be tracked back to individual persons in any straightforward sense.”
What I expect to learn:
To define the terms mentioned in the title.
Review:
We all deserve some quality time with ourselves and it is for a fact that that quality time with ourselves is not something that should be taken away from us by others nor other parties.
There are problems with KDD because for one thing, it uses personal data in terms of categorical privacy, and I have indicated the shortcomings of traditional privacy conceptions. But the primary concern would be the problems being faced by using KDD. I know privacy is something we all should attain and something the Information technology industry should think of ways to protect us but one thing or another personal information gathering problem.
We can work together through the task of getting those techniques work for everyone. As a matter of fact, we should consider cooperating with people that can truly help us with our individual privacy problems such as those geeks and loners wearing unbelievably large eyeglasses in universities; no, just kidding because we should consult those who may know the problem we are facing and can actually help us out. Something will change once cooperation because it will result into something good considering now, they can hear your side of the problem and frustration and you can know their guilt and sleepless night just to develop that anti-virus or descriptor for you to use. It is all about give and take now and it is all about groups that are information subjects for a special purpose. From the perspective of others than the producers and certain users of the profiles, the definition of the information subject will remain hidden because they do not know the specific purpose of the definition.
What I learned:
• Definition of KDD
• Personal data
• Law
• Ethics
• Social consequences
• Categorial privacy
• Solutions
• Closing remarks
Integrative Questions:
1. What is KDD?
2. Why is KDD important?
3. What is personal data?
4. Where dos categorial privacy strongly connected?
5. What should be improved to grow unfairness in social interaction?
Book Review: Data Mining and Privacy
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Technology cannot make right what is otherwise wrong, so such data mining, is indeed a violation of privacy”
– Joseph S. Fulda
Learning expectation:
I expect to learn the meaning of data mining, its role in technology.
Review:
Data mining is the process of extracting hidden patterns from large amounts of data. As more data is gathered, with the amount of data doubling every three years, data mining is becoming an increasingly important tool to transform this data into information. It is commonly used in a wide range of profiling practices.
While data mining can be used to uncover hidden patterns in data samples that have been “mined”, it is important to be aware that the use of a sample of the data may produce results that are not indicative of the domain. Data mining will not uncover patterns that are present in the domain, but not in the sample. There is a tendency for insufficiently knowledgeable “consumers” of the results to treat the technique as a sort of crystal ball and attribute “magical thinking” to it. Like any other tool, it only functions in conjunction with the appropriate raw material: in this case, indicative and representative data that the user must first collect. Further, the discovery of a particular pattern in a particular set of data does not necessarily mean that pattern is representative of the whole population from which that data was drawn. Hence, an important part of the process is the verification and validation of patterns on other samples of data.
Privacy. It’s a loaded issue. In recent years privacy concerns have taken on a more significant role in American society as merchants, insurance companies, and government agencies amass warehouses containing personal data. The concerns that people have over the collection of this data will naturally extend to any analytic capabilities applied to the data. Users of data mining should start thinking about how their use of this technology will be impacted by legal issues related to privacy.
What I have learned:
I have learned from this chapter that data mining is the process of identifying valid, novel, potentially useful, and ultimately understandable structure in data. That it can be easily accomplished when the data are highly structured and available in many different forms at many different levels in what are known as data warehouses.
Integrative Question:
1. What is data mining?
2. What does data warehouse contains?
3. What do we call if the data are highly structured and available in different levels?
4. What allows data to be compared and contrasted in different form?
5. What provides the context of the data?
Book Review: Workplace, Surveillance, Privacy and Distributive Justice
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Employers have generally been considered merely extensions of traditional management prerogatives”
– Lucas Introna
Learning Expectation:
I expect to learn the issues about surveillance
Review:
Modern technologies are providing unprecedented opportunities for surveillance. In the workplace surveillance technology is being built into the very infrastructure of work. Can the employee legitimately resist this increasingly pervasive net of surveillance? The employers argue that workplace surveillance is essential for security, safety, and productivity in increasingly competitive markets. They argue that they have a right to ensure that they ‘get what they pay for’, furthermore, that the workplace is a place of ‘work’ which by its very definition excludes the ‘personal’ dimension at the core of all privacy claims.
Legal developments, especially in the USA, seem to favour such an interpretation. The individual’s call for workplace privacy seems illegitimate in a context where the ‘personal’ is almost excluded by default. In this paper I want to argue that the private/public distinction is not useful in the context of workplace surveillance since it always seems possible to argue that the workplace is always and only ‘public’—thereby leaving the employee without resources to defend their claim. Such a position belies the fact that the fundamental claim of workplace privacy is not a claim for some personal space as such but rather a claim for the protection against the inherently political interests in the ‘gaze’ of the employer. Furthermore, that it is probably impossible, in practice, to separate the public from the private in the flow of everyday work.
Thus, it seems that one needs to develop another approach to think through the issues at stake. I will argue that the distribution of privacy rights and transparency (surveillance) rights is rather a matter of organisational justice. I will suggest that we may use theories of justice—in particular the work of Rawls—to develop a framework of distributive justice for distributing privacy and transparency between the collective and the individual in a way that is fair.
What I have learned:
I learned that surveillance has become a central issue in our late modern society. One of the problematic areas of surveillance is the workplace surveillance. With the new technology, surveillance becomes less overt and more diffused.
I also learned that privacy is by no means an uncontroversial issue. For Posner privacy creates opportunities for hiding information that could render many social interactions.
Integrative Question:
1. What is the central issue in late modern society?
2. What does ECPA means?
3. What are the exceptions that allow monitoring communications?
4. What does IPC mean?
5. What allows monitoring cases where prior consent has been obtained?
Book Review: Privacy and the Varieties of Informational Wrongdoing
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “It is non-exclusion that makes retaliation impossible, but anonymity of the free-rider. Clearly in a small group it is easier to spot the free rider and sanction him I one of many possible ways once he is identified than in a large group, where he can hide in the crowd”
– Jeroen van den Hoven
Learning Expectation:
I am expecting to learn the things about privacy and varieties of information wrongdoings. I intend to know the wrongdoings that the title stating.
Review:
Solove gives a good classification of the various activities that could harm the privacy of users in the information age. His classification is broader than the privacy torts identified in American law. He distinguishes between Information Collection, Information Processing, Information Dissemination and Invasions.
Van den Hoven examines the concept of privacy from a different perspective. I find his work very fundamental. He deals with the specific reasons why we want to restrain access to the information that we disseminate to others. Van den Hoven identifies four reasons to restrain access to this information: information-based harm, informational inequality, informational injustice and moral autonomy and moral identification.
Formal legislation, traditionally applicable within physically defined national boundaries, can of course work internationally, but the controls and constraints of physical borders applicable to our geographical environment do not transfer easily to “cyberspace”. Using the metaphor of “cyberspace” encourages a spatial and somewhat abstract concept leading to an impression of a “virtual world”. This abstract entity compounds the perceived difficulties of enforcing legislation. Within this environment, which is controlled and constrained by users and technical development (respectively), the emphasis is on self-regulation and a response to perceived ethical concerns in the form of trust-building initiatives. This paper shows that to some extent a discourse ethics is already in operation outside, but about the Internet. The discussions surrounding the issue of regulation of the Internet, and the way the discussions are managed, are similar in many ways to the discursive atmosphere of the 18C coffee houses that Habermas refers to. Modern society is also in the process of bringing a regulatory framework to an anarchic situation, at the same time seeking a framework that will maximize the possibilities of innovation and creativity. It is impossible at this stage to derive any clear practices from this, but we hope that future studies will draw out how Habermas’s theoretical scheme can help to illuminate practices in this fundamental area of social activity.
What I have learned:
I learned that many public administration problems can be characterized as free-rider problems, law enforcement, tax collection, implementation of environmental policies. This chapter also discussed the fact that personal information is used to inflict harm or cause serious disadvantages to individuals do not necessarily make such uses violations.
Protecting privacy here is proposed as way of acknowledging our systematic inability to identify the data subject as being the same as the moral self with which the data subject identifies itself.
Integrative Question:
1. What is known to have used computerized databases and internet to get information?
2. What is the meaning of IVHS?
3. What is the meaning of CCTV?
4. Who observes that liberalism is plagued by free-riders problem?
5. Who proposes a moral theory on the basis of the distinction?
Book Review: Defining the Boundaries of Computer Crime: Piracy, Breaks-Ins, and Sabotage in Cyberspace
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Computer crime is a territory that is not so well defined, a number of ethical questions both precede and follow from”
-Hermani T. Tavani
Learning expectation:
I am expecting to learn what are the computer crime is, and how it becomes a computer crime.
Review:
Computer crime is a growing problem all over the globe now that personal computers have become the norm. In fact there are over 800 million people are using the internet all over the globe at this moment. This international nature of modern computer society creates many complications when it comes to criminal activities. Indeed, it’s all too often that we hear of the latest virus to hit the major networks to be the work of a hacker living on the opposite side of the globe or of a large scale attack being made on an internet backbone outside of the United States.
With the number of internet users all around the world growing at an ever increasing pace, it has now become critical for all users to be familiar with the inherited risks that the internet brings forth and also some of the legal responsibilities that a user has in an open environment that is the internet. This means that knowing what a computer crime is will help not only a user avoid legal troubles down the road, but also make the user aware of the ways that computers can be exploited and how to protect oneself against such attacks.
Yet there is one major roadblock to this task. What exactly is computer crime? Does any crime involving a computer constitute a computer crime or should its definition be stricter? Does cyber-stalking count as a computer crime or is that merely an extension of a pre-existing type of crime? Why does its definition even matter?
What I have learned:
I have learned that in this chapter the computer crime they called was the piracy, break-ins and sabotage in a cyberspace. It was really a problem in so many cyberspace. If we will hear the word “crime” we usually think that it was a bad doings of a criminal person, but in this chapter computer crime was in the field of cyberspace.
Integrative question:
1. When did the “ILOVEYOU” computer virus infect computers in US?
2. What is the way of using computer technology to produced one or more unauthorized copies of proprietary?
3. What is to gain unauthorized access either to individual’s or organization’s computer system?
4. What is using technology to unleash one or more programs that disrupt the flow of electronic information?
5. What are three different perspectives of computer crime?
Book Review: Terrorism or Civil Disobedience: Toward a Hacktivist Ethic
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Intellectual property is not tangible, material entity. It is nothing more
than a volatile pattern arrayed in patterns and closed gates to form intelligible
numerical or textual information, documents, and data reside inside computers in
a form that can be stolen without ever being removed, indeed without being ever
touched by a would-be-thief, or depriving from still using proofing off the property.”
– Mark Manjon and Abby Goodrum
Learning expectation:
I expect to be learned why this chapter entitling Terrorism or Civil Disobedience: Toward a Hactivist Ethic.
Review:
I consider the issue of whether and when electronic civil disobedience (or hacktivism) is morally impermissible. First, I argue that, in an otherwise legitimate state, civil disobedience is morally justified or excusable only in narrowly defined circumstances. Second, I attempt to identify a reliable framework for evaluating civil disobedience that weighs the social and moral values against the social and moral disvalues. Third, I apply this framework to acts of hacktivism. I argue that hacktivism is impermissible insofar as such acts result in significant harms to innocent third-parties or insofar the persons responsible for such acts conceal their identities to avoid the potential legal consequences.
Hackers believe that non-malicious intrusions are morally permissible and have offered a number of arguments purporting to justify such intrusions. Some hackers believe, for example, these intrusions are justified because they result in an increase in humanity’s stock of knowledge about the relevant technologies and thereby promote the development of technologies that will ultimately make the Internet more secure. Some believe that any barriers to information are morally illegitimate and hence deserve no respect – including barriers that separate the information on one person’s computer from another person’s computer.
Recently, a number of writers, such as Manion and Goodrum (2000), have begun to argue that attacks on government and corporate sites can be justified as a form of political activism – that is, as a form of “hacktivism.” The argument is roughly as follows. Since civil disobedience is morally justifiable as a protest against injustice, it is sometimes justifiable to commit digital intrusions as a means of protesting injustice. Insofar as it is permissible to stage a sit-in in a commercial or governmental building to protest, say, laws that violate human rights, it is permissible to intrude upon commercial or government networks to protest such laws. Thus, digital attacks that might otherwise be morally objectionable are morally permissible if they are politically-motivated acts of digital civil disobedience or hacktivism.
What I have learned:
I have learned that there are so many reason why a person hacking in a cyberspace. Hacktivist here was defined as an act of electronic civil disobedience, then the punitive outcomes must be brought into alignment with other forms of civil disobedience.
If we hear the work “Hack” we actually think of holdups, but that was true but did you know that there are many kinds of hacking, like computer hacking.
Integrative question:
1. What is hacktivism?
2. What is ECD?
3. What is the name of hactivist group that hacked India’s Bhabba Atomic Research Center?
4. When did a hacker attack yahoo, amazon, eBay, CNN and buy.com?
5. What has the potential to play active and constructive role in overcoming political injustice?
Book Review: Web Security and Privacy: An American Perspective
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “A system that maintains availability while under attack exhibits survivability. System with survivability exhibit degradation in the face of attacks. An
example of an incident that that illustrates survivability is the Morris worm
incident, where the internet slowly lost the ability to provide service but was
never completely destroyed.”
-Jean Camp
Learning expectation:
I expect to know the methods of securing information in the Web.
Review:
I recently created an account in a website called “plurk”. Plurk is a free social networking and micro-blogging service that allows users to send updates (otherwise known as plurks) through short messages or links, which can be up to 140 text characters in length.
Updates are then shown on the user’s home page using a timeline which lists all the updates received in chronological order, and delivered to other users who have signed up to receive them. Users can respond to other users’ updates from their timeline through the Plurk.com website, by instant messaging, or by text messaging.
Now I know why my classmates are getting into plurk too much and it is because plurk allows people to know what their friend, their crush and even their professors are doing in every hour of every day. It is like, the more you inform people of your current physical ,emotional, and even spiritual status, the more they get attached to you and the larger your network gets. The more informed people gets, the more interested and curious they are of you as a person. I am not saying that this allows me to become exposed but it just helps people understand me more as a person, a student and a friend because of my status. It allows them to understand me and at the same time know what I am doing and what keeps me busy like I can just put there, “Currently typing my review for itethic” – see how detailed and brief you can be without giving too much.
What I learned:
• Access Control List
• Definition of security
• Definition of integrity
• Availability
• Private key encryption
• A replay attack
• Simple replay attacks fall with public key cryptography
• Browsing information
• Provided technical services
• Browser client connects
Integrative Questions:
1. What does ISP mean?
2. What does IP mean?
3. What does DNS mean?
4. What does NAACP mean?
5. Who declared “Security is Privacy”?
Book Review: The Meaning of Anonymity in an Information Age
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “The natural meaning of anonymity, as may be reflected in ordinary usage
or dictionary definition, is of remaining nameless, that is to say, conducting oneself
without revealing one’s name. A poem or a pamphlet is anonymous when attributable
to a named person; a donation is anonymous when the name of the donor is withheld; people strolling through a foreign city are anonymous because no one knows who why are. Extending this understanding into electronic sphere, one might suppose the conducting one’s affairs, communicating; engaging in transactions anonymously in the electronic sphere is to do so without one’s name being known. Specific cases that are regularly discussed include.”
Learning expectation:
I expect to know the meaning of anonymity in an information age.
Review:
We always want to be unknown because we have a feeling that being mysterious is cool and I’ve proven that it truly is cooler than cool.
I have been known in my class to be the very mysterious one. I do talk a lot and loudly at times but no one really do know me. People and some of my friends already told me that I should let loose and just, you know, let myself be open to the world, but that is not me. This is me. I am person who is anonymous. I have to admit, I am mysterious even to myself because I tend to not talk about things about me that much considering my interest with other people’s lives. I find my life boring even though people kept on pushing that I am doing the coolest things because for me, the hype is not there anymore; it is nonexistent. I am a living breathing proof that anonymity is supposed to be alive in this world where technology made it almost impossible to keep something from someone online. It is like people know what the other person is doing. An example of an application that does such a thing or aids us for becoming more informed in other person’s every movement is plurk. I recently created an account just to see what is the hype all about. To know why my classmates are creating accounts and having too much fun and you know what? I finally know why.
What I have learned:
• Brief definition of anonymity
• Data-flow
• Information registration
• Gatekeepers
• Analysis after admission
• Methods
• Anonymity of sender
• First encryption with a public and secure key
• Double encryption twice applied
• Encryption procedure with an anonymity sender
Integrative Questions:
1. What has made it possible to trace people in historically unprecedented ways, what is?
2. What provides respite to adults from commercial and other solicitations?
3. What is anonymity?
4. Who is the professor of dramatic literature at Vasaar?
5. What is the encryption procedure with an anonymity sender?
Book Review : Double Encryption of Anonymized Electronic Data Incharge
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Anonymization of the patient means that only a randomized number, sex, insurance, month and year of birth are transmitted”
– Albert Vlug and Johan van der Lei
Learning expectation:
I want to learn how this encryption being use.
Review:
Both the patient identification in the data and the doctor identification in the data must be anonymized. We skip the name and address; only the sex and the month-year of birth will be sent from the doctor to the central database. Even the number of the patient in the doctors database will be replaced, because once the doctor may be a researcher using the central database who recognizes one of the patients based on the number. When data are collected for sending all patients are randomly numbered.
The list of these numbers are stored in the database of the doctor, because each time a follow-up of a CPR is sent, the random number of the same patient must be the same in order to reconstruct the whole CPR in the central database. Not only the patient and the doctor identification in the data, but also the doctor as the sender of data must be anonymized. An empty envelope around a floppy disk is sufficient for the anonymization of the doctor as sender, but electronic envelopes receives automatically a sender identification in the header of the electronic message.
We cut this electronic head by creating a virtual postbox, that forwards all the incoming electronic data thereby replacing the doctors address by its own address. All the data we receive in the central database have one sender: the virtual postbox. Once this problem was solved a large complication occurs.
What I have learned:
From this chapter I have learned that this double encryption was really amazing technique if someone doesn’t want to know his/ her identification. I have learned also that double encryption is the doings where you can send a message to someone without knowing who you are.
But then this kind of device can cause some distraction, especially to those people that are busy with their lives.
Integrative question:
1. What is gatekeeper postbox?
2. What does IPCI means?
3. What does PMS means?
4. Where does national drug safety system developed?
5. When did database collection started?
Book Review Chapter: Written on the Body: Biometrics and Identity
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Discussion of these technologies tend often to miss precisely this level of analysis”
-Irma van der Ploeg
Learning expectation:
I intend to learn the meaning of biometrics and identity.
Review:
Biometrics is often described as `the next big thing in information technology’. Rather than IT rendering the body irrelevant to identity – a mistaken idea to begin with – the coupling of biometrics with IT unequivocally puts the body center stage. The question to be raised about biometrics is how bodies will become related to identity, and what the normative and political ramifications of this coupling will be. Unlike the body rendered knowable in the biomedical sciences, biometrics generates a readable body: it transforms the body’s surfaces and characteristics into digital codes and ciphers to be `read’ by a machine.
Your iris is read, in the same way that your voice can be printed, and your fingerprint can be read”, by computers that, in turn, have become touch-sensitive and endowed with seeing and hearing capacities. Thus transformed into readable text, the meaning and significance of the biometric body will be contingent upon context, and the relations established with other texts. These metaphors open up ways to investigate the different meanings that will become attached to the biometric body and the ways in which it will be tied to identity. This paper reports on an analysis of plans and practices surrounding the Eurodac’ project, a European Union initiative to use biometrics (specif. fingerprinting) in controlling illegal immigration and border crossings by asylum seekers.
Biometrics is often described as `the next big thing in information technology’. Rather than IT rendering the body irrelevant to identity – a mistaken idea to begin with – the coupling of biometrics with IT unequivocally puts the body center stage. The question to be raised about biometrics is how bodies will become related to identity, and what the normative and political ramifications of this coupling will be. Unlike the body rendered knowable in the biomedical sciences, biometrics generates a readable body: it transforms the body’s surfaces and characteristics into digital codes and ciphers to be read by a machine.
What I have learned:
Since in this chapter is about anonymizing in sending mail, I learned that double encryption was really amazing technique to send any email or documents to someone without revealing the identity of the sender.
Gatekeeper was also a hi-tech thing that they invented, it only removes the envelope with the sender’s address and delivers the bare floppy disk with anonymized data to central data bases.
Integrative question:
1. What does ATM mean?
2. What is the description for biometrics?
3. What project does the Department of Public Aid launched?
4. What is a gatekeeper?
5. What is the Eurodac?
Book Review: Ethical Considerations for the Information Professions
Book: Cyberethics
Library References: None
Amazon.com References:
Quote: “Ethics is the study of morality; the study of what we do. Morality could exist
without ethics but there cannot be ethics without morality. Morality is like eating;
it is an crucial to living a good life but it is not an inevitable part of living or an
activity engaged in by all”
– Elizabeth A. Buchanan
Learning expectation:
I expect to learn what was ethical consideration is.
Review:
This chapter discussed ethical concerns of information science professionals from two viewpoints: concerns of practitioners and the information industry, including a prototype for ethical contexts and principles for ethical actions; and concerns of theoreticians and researchers, including system principles and ideological, political, and social frameworks. Codes of ethics are also discussed.
An accounting firm expanding on the Internet will likely explore several different strategies. They range from offering only selected accounting services, to providing a complete line of the firm’s services to clients online. Alternatively, a firm may simply want clients to be able to receive information from the firm’s website. In between these extremes fall such activities as marketing, instruction, referral, and chat rooms or bulletin boards.
Providing services online enables practitioners to serve customers remotely; however, it also creates the potential for both intentional and inadvertent abuse. Only limited regulatory or professional standards specifically address online service providers. In addition, most professional codes of conduct fail to address Internet delivery of services. As a result, CPAs are left with little ethical guidance when problems unique to the Internet arise. Professionals may not be fully aware of the ethical issues that could arise or how their codes apply on the Internet.
One place to start is with the guidelines adopted by the medical and counseling professions that specifically address Internet practice. The following sections identify differences occurring in an online service environment, discuss ethical issues raised, and propose guidelines for an online code of ethics for business and financial professionals.
What I have learned:
In this chapter that I have read, I learned that these issues can have far-reaching and potentially crippling consequences for uninformed online business providers. While the Internet’s rapid expansion has enabled an equally rapid expansion of web based professional services, it has not been matched by the consideration and understanding of the related ethical implications. The growth of new opportunities is accompanied by equal, if not greater, growth in ethical issues for businesses seeking to expand their offerings via the Internet. These issues include the quality of services and information, privacy and security, nature of relationship, forms of delivery, contractual considerations, and regulation and enforcement.
Integrative question:
1. What is generally defined as philosophical study of moral behavior?
2. What refers to the sense of conscience?
3. What are the identified three major realms of ethics?
4. What does NTIA mean?
5. What does ALA’s mean?
Book Review: Software Engineering Code of Ethics: Approved!
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Ethical tensions can be best addressed by thoughtful consideration of fundamental principles, rather than blind reliance on detailed regulations. These principles should influence software engineers to consider broadly who is affected by their work; to examine if they and their colleagues are treating other human beings with due respect; to consider how the least empowered will be affected by their decisions; and to consider whether their acts would be judged worthy of the idea professional working as a software engineer”
-Don Gottenbarn, Keith Miller and Simon Rogerson
Learning expectation:
In this chapter I expect to learn software engineering code.
Review:
Computers have a central and growing role in commerce, industry, government, medicine, education, entertainment and society at large. Software engineers are those who contribute by direct participation or by teaching, to the analysis, specification, design, development, certification, maintenance and testing of software systems. Because of their roles in developing software systems, software engineers have significant opportunities to do good or cause harm, to enable others to do good or cause harm, or to influence others to do good or cause harm.
To ensure, as much as possible, that their efforts will be used for good, software engineers must commit themselves to making software engineering a beneficial and respected profession. In accordance with that commitment, software engineers shall adhere to the following Code of Ethics and Professional Practice.
The Code contains eight Principles related to the behavior of and decisions made by professional software engineers, including practitioners, educators, managers, supervisors and policy makers, as well as trainees and students of the profession. The Principles identify the ethically responsible relationships in which individuals, groups, and organizations participate and the primary obligations within these relationships.
The Clauses of each Principle are illustrations of some of the obligations included in these relationships. These obligations are founded in the software engineer’s humanity, in special care owed to people affected by the work of software engineers, and in the unique elements of the practice of software engineering. The Code prescribes these as obligations of anyone claiming to be or aspiring to be a software engineer.
What I have learned:
I have learned that ethical tensions can best be addressed by thoughtful consideration of fundamental principles, rather than blind reliance on detailed regulations. The dynamic and demanding context of software engineering requires a code that is adaptable and relevant to new situations as they occur. However, even in this generality, the Code provides support for software engineers and managers of software engineers who need to take positive action in a specific case by documenting the ethical stance of the profession.
Integrative question:
1. Who contributes by direct participation or by teaching?
2. What are the eight principles that software engineer shall adhere?
3. What is not a simple ethical algorithm?
4. What can be addressed by thoughtful consideration of fundamental principles?
5. What is the first principle of the code?
Book Review: No, PAPA: Why Incomplete Codes of Ethics Are Worse Than None at All
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Attempting to derive a code o0f ethics or any similar kind of any practical ethical guidance from fundamental ethical principles is of little practical help, because there is often more dispute about fundamental ethical principles that there is about what moral thing to do in a particular situation might be.”
-Ben Fairwether
Learning expectation:
I expect to learn why this chapter entitling No, PAPA: Why Incomplete Codes of Ethics Are Worse than None at All, and what are the issues that inside this chapter. I also expect to learn what PAPA means.
Review:
Here is current interest in Mason’s 1986 article “Four Ethical Issues of the Information Age”. In it Mason states that “The ethical issues involved are many and varied”, before claiming that “it is helpful to focus on just four. There are good reasons for moral consideration of the ‘PAPA’ issues. Immorality in those areas can destroy some lives.
The problem is that by focusing on these four areas of concern, attention may be taken away from other, potentially more important, moral issues. Not all important moral issues in information technology can be put under those headings. Yet focussing on four areas gives the erroneous impression that adherence to the moral requirements in those areas alone could ensure moral rectitude.
The same considerations are highly likely to apply to any moral code that is developed. Authors of incomplete moral codes risk encouraging others to act in immoral ways with the author’s apparent sanction. Related, broader, questions are considered, and it is advocated that there should always be acknowledgment of the existence of ‘external’, potentially more important, moral issues.
It has been argued that it is in the best interests of IT professionals, to adopt and enforce professional codes in the work place. But there is no code for usability engineers, unless one accepts that it is a branch of software engineering. The new joint ACM/IEEE-CS Software Engineering Code of Ethics is applied to actual usability cases. This enables usability engineers to interpret this code in their profession. This is achieved by utilizing four case studies both directly in terms of the ethical issues involved and in the light of the code and also examined are the short-comings of the code for the domain of usability engineering, and suggestions are made for enhancements for future revisions of the code.
What I have learned:
I learned in this chapter that in most countries of the world, the “information revolution” has altered many aspects of life significantly: commerce, employment, medicine, security, transportation, entertainment, and so on. Consequently, information and communication technology (ICT) has affected in both good ways and bad ways community life, family life, human relationships, education, careers, freedom, and democracy.
Integrative question:
1. What does PAPA mean?
2. What are the ethical issues in PAPA?
3. What is the important telework issue?
4. What is Richard Mason’s article title?
5. What does ACM mean?
Book Review: Subsumption Ethics
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon.com Reference:
Quote: “The different between computers and simple machines is the extent to which computer systems subsume design and development decisions over which users have little or no control”
– David H. Gleason
Learning expectation:
I intend to know in this chapter the meaning of subsumption ethics.
Review:
The right to privacy is similarly guaranteed by article 8 of the ECHR. Data protection comes within the scope of the protection of private life guaranteed under this article. Derogations to the principles of data protection and to article 8 of the ECHR must be in accordance with the law and must respect the principle of proportionality. Equally limits to freedom of expression, such as the ones that might derive from the application of data protection principles, must also be in accordance with the law and respect the principle of proportionality.
However the two fundamental rights must not be seen as inherently conflicting. In the absence of adequate safeguards for privacy individuals may be reluctant to freely express their ideas. Similarly identification and profiling of readers and users of information services is likely to reduce the willingness of individuals to receive and impart information.
Subsumption ethics is the process by which decisions become incorporated into the operation of information technology (IT) systems, and subsequently forgotten. There are four axioms of subsumption ethics: A. Information systems subsume design, policy and implementation decisions in programming code and content; B. Subsumed objects have determinate moral value; C. Subsumed objects have a high “invisibility factor;” and D. Subsumptive complexity increases over time. These axioms can be applied to practical problems in IT by using them in conjunction with established ethical frameworks.
Information systems subsume design, policy and implementation decisions in programming code.
What I have learned:
I have learned that subsumption ethics is the process by which decisions and describes four axioms of subsumptions ethics. I also learned that design and implementation decisions dictate structure and operation of systems.
Design decisions often have ethical components, whether or not the designer implicitly aware of them.
Integrative question:
1. What is subsumption ethics?
2. What does IT mean?
3. What are the four ethical principles that have roots in antiquity?
4. What do we call the third ethical principle?
5. What part of an ancient Hindu Text called Mahabharata?
Book Review: Ethical Issues in Business Computing
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Essentially, computers are used in business to solve problems. An individual manager, focused on use of a computer for the task in hand, may understandably lack specialist awareness of wider ethical issues”
-Duncan Langford
Learning expectation:
I expect to learn how computer become useful in a business.
Review:
One important element that emerges from the current legislative situation in the Member States is that the media, or at least the press, are bound to respect certain rules which although not part of data protection legislation in a proper sense contribute to the protection of the privacy of individuals. Such legislation and the often rich case-law on the matter confer specific forms of redress which are sometimes considered a substitute for the lack of preventive remedies under data protection law.
The right to reply and the possibility to have false information corrected, the professional obligations of journalists and the special self-regulatory procedures attached to them, together with the law protecting honour (criminal and civil provisions concerning libel) must be taken into consideration when evaluating how privacy is protected in relation to the media.
Business, Legal and Ethical Issues is the first of the core subjects undertaken by Computer Professional Education Program (CPeP) students in their ongoing professional development. Professionalism is a risk management strategy and in this subject the emphasis is on applying professionalism in the business context.
Because of our new hi-tech technology, computer nowadays was very useful in many ways. It can also used in business. That is why there are so many businessmen that have the newest model of computer to use for their businesses.
What I have learned:
I learned that all companies of whatever size, should consider their use of computer systems. If a policy on computer use has not already developed, it is not just sensible but essential that urgent consideration is given to the ways in which systems are currently being used.
Integrative question:
1. What is the smallest scale of business computing?
2. Where business organization is larger?
3. What level is a business large enough to employ a designated computer specialist?
4. What level will there be at least one team of computer specialist?
5. What is the use by business computer systems falls into two distinct and equally important?
Book Review: The Practitioner from Within: Revisiting the Virtues
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “It is difficult to get from youth up a right training for virtue if one has not been brought up under right laws; for to live temperately and hardily is not pleasant to most people especially when they are young. For this reason their nurture and occupation should be fix by law”
– Frances S. Grodzinsky
Learning expectation:
I intend to learn in this chapter all the information where is its title is all about.
Review:
Traditionally the study of computer ethics involves taking students who are not philosophically trained, exposing them to action-guiding theories, presenting them with the codes of ethics of several companies and professional organizations and asking them to make ethical decisions in scenario-based cases. This approach is deliberately action-based and focuses on doing. “What would you do?” is the traditional question we ask our students. While this pedagogical methodology forces them to examine situations and argue from a particular point of view, it does little to influence their character. They see the utilitarian or deontologist as someone other than themselves.
There seems to be very little internalization of these action-based theories. Virtue Ethics offers character-forming theory that has been more successful with my students than the action-based theories of computer ethics texts. Why? Virtue Ethics is directed toward character development. The focus is on being rather than doing. It presents a good heuristic or approach to the problem of moral agency. Virtue ethics offers a way of teaching self-reflection through narratives that focus on core values, heroes and moral exemplars.
It is grounded in practical wisdom. It is experiential, learning to care about the self, others, the community, living the good life, flourishing and striving for moral excellence. It offers a model for the development of character and personal ethics which will lead to professional ethics. Yet, the strict Virtue Ethics espoused by Aristotle has its limitations. This paper will explore the need for a more integrative approach to contemporary moral theory, one that may be found by revisiting the virtues through the works of Aristotle and Kant. It will offer insight into translating theory into practice for students of computer science and information technology.
What I have learned:
I have learned that much of the data that is mined is public or semi-public in nature what we purchase at the supermarket, where we surf the Web, where we work, and our salary. This data can be used to construct profiles and customer categories that can be used to target advertising. In addition to data privacy issues, data mining raises other social concerns. For example, Danna and Gandy (2002) argue that data mining and the use of consumer profiles can actually exclude groups of customers from full participation in the marketplace and limit their access to information. Thus, there are major ethical and social issues that arise from the practice of data mining.
Integrative question:
1. What ethics offers character-forming theory?
2. What are Sherman’s books of discussion?
3. What does ICT mean?
4. What does Louden states about ethics?
5. Who asserts that carrying out rules is a sole concern of ethics?
Book Review: Ethical Issues in Business Computing
Book: Cyber Ethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “Knowing the truth about the code of ethics and to implement some other way in how to use this ethical ways in other people.”
Learning Expectations:
I expect to learn the following:
Establishing the factors about the code of ethics
Know the different types of code of ethics in computer and others
Create a new vision about code of ethics
Review:
The values of equality, tolerance, respect for others, and the principles of equal justice govern this imperative. Discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin, or other such factors is an explicit violation of ACM policy and will not be tolerated.
Inequities between different groups of people may result from the use or misuse of information and technology. In a fair society,all individuals would have equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors. However, these ideals do not justify unauthorized use of computer resources nor do they provide an adequate basis for violation of any other ethical imperatives of this code.
Violation of copyrights, patents, trade secrets and the terms of license agreements is prohibited by law in most circumstances. Even when software is not so protected, such violations are contrary to professional behavior. Copies of software should be made only with proper authorization. Unauthorized duplication of materials must not be condoned.
Computing professionals are obligated to protect the integrity of intellectual property. Specifically, one must not take credit for other’s ideas or work, even in cases where the work has not been explicitly protected by copyright, patent, etc.
What I have Learned
In this chapter I’ve learned different aspects of code of ethics. Knowing the values and responsibilities of the professional.
Integrative Questions:
1. What is the professional code of ethics?
2. Explain briefly the code of ethics in Computer?
3. What are the major contributions of code of ethics in IT?
4. What are the possible attributions of code of ethics to the people?
5. Discussed the part of code of ethics?
Book Review: The Practitioner From Within: Revisiting the Virtues
Book: Cyberethics
Library Reference: None
Amazon Reference:
Quote: “If one’s superiors do not act to curtail or mitigate such dangers, it may be necessary to “blow the whistle” to help correct the problem or reduce the risk. However, capricious or misguided reporting of violations can, itself, be harmful. Before reporting violations, all relevant aspects of the incident must be thoroughly assessed. In particular, the assessment of risk and responsibility must be credible. It is suggested that advice be sought from other computing professionals.”
Learning Expectations:
Awareness in the code of ethics and its uses to the individuals.
Review:
Honoring one’s commitments is a matter of integrity and honesty. For the computer professional this includes ensuring that system elements perform as intended. Also, when one contracts for work with another party, one has an obligation to keep that party properly informed about progress toward completing that work.
A computing professional has a responsibility to request a change in any assignment that he or she feels cannot be completed as defined. Only after serious consideration and with full disclosure of risks and concerns to the employer or client, should one accept the assignment. The major underlying principle here is the obligation to accept personal accountability for professional work. On some occasions other ethical principles may take greater priority.
A judgment that a specific assignment should not be performed may not be accepted. Having clearly identified one’s concerns and reasons for that judgment, but failing to procure a change in that assignment, one may yet be obligated, by contract or by law, to proceed as directed. The computing professional’s ethical judgment should be the final guide in deciding whether or not to proceed. Regardless of the decision, one must accept the responsibility for the consequences.
However, performing assignments “against one’s own judgment” does not relieve the professional of responsibility for any negative consequences.
Computing professionals have a responsibility to share technical knowledge with the public by encouraging understanding of computing, including the impacts of computer systems and their limitations. This imperative implies an obligation to counter any false views related to computing.
Trespassing and unauthorized use of a computer or communication system is addressed by this imperative. Trespassing includes accessing communication networks and computer systems, or accounts and/or files associated with those systems, without explicit authorization to do so. Individuals and organizations have the right to restrict access to their systems so long as they do not violate the discrimination principle No one should enter or use another’s computer system, software, or data files without permission. One must always have appropriate approval before using system resources, including communication ports, file space, other system peripherals, and computer time.
What I have learned:
In reviewing this chapter, I learned so much from the article about the different aspects of code of ethics and its possible relation to the people.
Integrative Questions:
1. What is code of ethics?
2. What are the different views of code of ethics?
3. Do code of ethics important?
4. Do you aware about code of ethics?
5. Do you have any ideas about code of ethics?
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